| Code: | Description: | English forms: | Dutch forms: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1s/n |
1st person singular, nominative |
I |
ik, ikke, 'k |
|
|
1s/a |
1st person singular, accusative |
me |
mij, me |
|
|
1s/gd |
1st person singular, genitive determinative |
my |
mijn, m'n |
|
|
1s/gi |
1st person singular, genitive independent [i] |
mine |
||
|
1s/r |
1st person singular, reflexive |
myself |
mij, me [iv] |
|
|
1s/e |
1st person singular, emphatic |
(I) myself |
(ik)zelf |
|
|
1p/n |
1st person plural, nominative |
we |
wij, we |
|
|
1p/a |
1st person plural, accusative |
us (incl. 'let's') |
ons |
|
|
1p/gd |
1st person plural, genitive determinative |
our |
ons, onze |
|
|
1p/gi |
1st person plural, genitive independent |
ours |
(de/het) onze(n), van ons |
|
|
1p/r |
1st person plural, reflexive |
ourselves |
ons |
|
|
1p/e |
1st person plural, emphatic |
(we) ourselves |
(wij)zelf |
|
| Code: | Description: | English forms: | Dutch, Informal: | Dutch, Formal: |
|
2s/n |
2nd person singular, nominative |
you |
jij, je (includes 'alsjeblieft') |
|
|
2s/a |
2nd person singular, accusative |
you (includes 'thank you', 'bless you') |
jou, je (includes 'dank je wel') |
|
|
2s/gd |
2nd person singular, genitive determinative |
your |
jouw, je |
uw |
|
2s/gi |
2nd person singular, genitive independent |
yours |
(de/het) jouwe(n), van jou |
(de/het) uwe(n), van u |
|
2s/r |
2nd person singular, reflexive |
yourself |
je |
u, zich |
|
2s/e |
2nd person singular, emphatic |
yourself |
(jij)zelf [v], (je)zelf |
(u)zelf |
|
2p/n |
2nd person plural, nominative |
you |
jullie, je |
u |
|
2p/a |
2nd person plural, accusative |
you |
jullie, je |
u |
|
2p/gd |
2nd person plural, genitive determinative |
your |
jullie, je |
uw |
|
2p/gi |
2nd person plural, genitive independent |
yours |
-, van jullie |
(de/het) uwe(n), van u |
|
2p/r |
2nd person plural, reflexive |
yourselves |
je |
u, zich |
|
2p/e |
2nd person plural, emphatic |
yourselves |
(jullie)zelf, (je)zelf |
(u)zelf |
| Code: | Description: | English forms: | Dutch forms: | |
|
3s/n |
3rd person singular, nominative, non-gender-specific |
they |
die |
|
|
3s/nm |
3rd person singular, nominative, masculine |
he |
hij, ie |
|
|
3s/nf |
3rd person singular, nominative, feminine |
she |
zij, ze |
|
|
3s/nn |
3rd person singular, nominative, neuter |
it |
het, 't |
|
|
3s/a |
3rd person singular, accusative, non-gender-specific |
them |
die |
|
|
3s/am |
3rd person singular, accusative, masculine |
him |
hem, 'm |
|
|
3s/af |
3rd person singular, accusative, feminine |
her |
haar, 'r, d'r, ze |
|
|
3s/an |
3rd person singular, accusative, neuter |
it (includes 'lookit' in US data) |
het, 't |
|
|
3s/gd |
3rd person singular, genitive determinative non-gender-specific |
their |
- [vi] |
|
|
3s/gdm |
3rd person singular, genitive determinative masculine |
his |
zijn, z'n |
|
|
3s/gdf |
3rd person singular, genitive determinative feminine |
her |
haar, d'r |
|
|
3s/gdn |
3rd person singular, genitive determinative neuter |
its |
‑1 |
|
|
3s/gi |
3rd person singular, genitive independent, non-gender specific |
theirs |
- |
|
|
3s/gim |
3rd person singular, genitive independent, masculine |
his |
(de/het) zijne(n), van hem |
|
|
3s/gif |
3rd person singular, genitive independent, feminine |
hers |
(de/het) hare(n), van haar |
|
|
3s/rm |
3rd person singular, reflexive, masculine |
himself |
zich |
|
|
3s/rf |
3rd person singular, reflexive, feminine |
herself |
zich |
|
|
3s/rn |
3rd person singular, reflexive, neuter |
itself |
zich |
|
|
3s/em |
3rd person singular, emphatic, masculine |
himself |
(hij)zelf |
|
|
3s/ef |
3rd person singular, emphatic, feminine |
herself |
(zij)zelf |
|
|
3s/en |
3rd person singular, emphatic, neuter |
itself |
(het)zelf |
|
|
3p/n |
3rd person plural, nominative |
they |
zij, ze, die |
|
|
3p/a |
3rd person plural, accusative |
them, 'em |
ze, die, hen (hun) |
|
|
3p/gd |
3rd person plural, genitive determinative |
their |
hun |
|
|
3p/gi |
3rd person plural, genitive independent |
theirs |
(de/het) hunne(n), van hen (hun) |
|
|
3p/r |
3rd person plural, reflexive |
themselves |
zich |
|
|
3p/e |
3rd person plural, emphatic |
themselves |
(zij)zelf |
|
|
PN |
proper name, nominative, vocative or accusative |
e.g. Sarah |
e.g. Anna |
|
|
PNg |
proper name, genitive determinative or independent |
e.g. Sarah's |
e.g. Anna's, Anna d'r; Jans [vii], Jan z'n, van Jan |
|
|
misc |
not any of the above categories, or ambiguous |
|||
|
0 |
absence of pronoun |
|||
[i] I am following Quirk et al. (1985:336ff) in using the terms "Genitive determinative" and "Genitive independent" for these groups of pronouns. MacWhinney (2000a:176) calls them "Possessive" and "Predicate possessive" respectively.
[ii] An article is required in Dutch before an independent genitive.
[iii] The '(n)' denotes the plural form, here and elsewhere.
[iv] Any reflexive form in Dutch can have '-zelf' appended to it by way of emphasis, e.g. 'jezelf', 'zichzelf', making it both reflexive and emphatic. In fact none of these forms appeared in my data.
[v] The form 'jijzelf' can only be nominative, whereas 'jezelf' could be either nominative or accusative.
[vi] Either 'zijn' or 'haar' would be used here: there is no specific neuter or gender-neutral possessive pronoun.
[vii] Not all proper names in Dutch take an apostrophe in their possessive form. The official rules are complicated and even native speakers do not understand them.