Connective or ‘disconnective’ discourse marker? Old English þa, multifunctionality and narrative structuring
Appendix
Table A1. Correlations between subject type and þa, þonne and siþþan in the whole sample (N=4116).
Subject type |
Þa |
Þonne |
Siþþan |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Pearson Correlation |
.089** |
.017 |
-.019 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.281 |
.224 |
Indefinite noun phrase, including indefinite pronouns |
Pearson Correlation |
.004 |
.008 |
-.006 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.819 |
.601 |
.687 |
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Pearson Correlation |
.044** |
.033* |
.002 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.005 |
.034 |
.914 |
Zero anaphora for same subject |
Pearson Correlation |
-.136** |
-.061** |
.034* |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.029 |
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Pearson Correlation |
-.039* |
-.002 |
-.015 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.014 |
.887 |
.342 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table A2. Subject type and þonne.
Subject type |
No þonne |
Þonne |
Total |
Chi-Square
(df=1) |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Count |
1591 |
35 |
1626 |
1.16 |
% within Subject type |
97.8% |
2.2% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within þonne |
39.4% |
45.5% |
39.5% |
|
Indefinite noun phrase, incl. indefinite pronouns |
Count |
351 |
8 |
359 |
0.27 |
% within Subject type |
97.8% |
2.2% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within þonne |
8.7% |
10.4% |
8.7% |
|
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Count |
1038 |
28 |
1066 |
4.48 |
% within Subject type |
97.4% |
2.6% |
100.0% |
p<.034 |
% within þonne |
25.7% |
36.4% |
25.9% |
|
Zero anaphora for same subject |
Count |
834 |
2 |
836 |
15.21 |
% within Subject type |
99.8% |
0.2% |
100.0% |
p<.000 |
% within þonne |
20.6% |
2.6% |
20.3% |
|
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Count |
225 |
4 |
229 |
0.20 |
% within Subject type |
98.3% |
1.7% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within þonne |
5.6% |
5.2% |
5.6% |
|
Total |
Count |
4039 |
77 |
4116 |
|
% within Subject type |
98.1% |
1.9% |
100.0% |
|
% within þonne |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Table A3. Subject type and siþþan.
|
Subject type |
No siþþan |
Siþþan |
Total |
Chi-Square
(df=1) |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Count |
1604 |
22 |
1626 |
1.48 |
% within Subject type |
98.2% |
1.8% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within siþþan |
60.4% |
67.6% |
39.5% |
|
Indefinite noun phrase, incl. indefinite pronouns |
Count |
354 |
5 |
359 |
0.16 |
% within Subject type |
98.6% |
1.4% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within siþþan |
8.7% |
7.4% |
8.7% |
|
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Count |
1048 |
18 |
1066 |
0.12 |
% within Subject type |
98.3% |
1.7% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within siþþan |
25.9% |
26.5% |
25.9% |
|
Zero anaphora for same subject |
Count |
815 |
21 |
836 |
4.77 |
% within Subject type |
97.5% |
2.5% |
100.0% |
p<.029 |
% within siþþan |
20.1% |
30.9% |
20.3% |
|
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Count |
227 |
2 |
229 |
0.91 |
% within Subject type |
99.1% |
0.9% |
100.0% |
N.S. |
% within siþþan |
5.6% |
2.9% |
5.6% |
|
Total |
Count |
4039 |
77 |
4116 |
|
% within Subject type |
98.1% |
1.9% |
100.0% |
|
% within siþþan |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Table A4. Correlations between co-ordination and þa, þonne and siþþan in the whole sample (N=4116).
Presence of |
Co-ordination |
Þa |
Pearson Correlation |
-.212** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
Þonne |
Pearson Correlation |
-.079** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
Siþþan |
Pearson Correlation |
.065** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table A5. Correlations between co-ordination and subject type in the whole sample (N=4116).
Subject type |
Co-ordination |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Pearson Correlation |
-.238** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
Indefinite noun phrase, including indefinite pronouns |
Pearson Correlation |
-.051** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.001 |
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Pearson Correlation |
-.108** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
Zero anaphora for same subject |
Pearson Correlation |
.495** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Pearson Correlation |
-.092** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table A6. Correlations between subject type and participant continuity (N=4116).
Subject type |
same subject in
two or more clauses |
same subject in
three or more clauses |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Pearson Correlation |
.116** |
.046** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Indefinite noun phrase, incl. indefinite pronouns |
Pearson Correlation |
-.014 |
.028 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.375 |
.070 |
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Pearson Correlation |
.095** |
.062** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Zero anaphora for same subject |
Pearson Correlation |
-.184** |
-.082** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Pearson Correlation |
-.089** |
-.036* |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.021 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table A7. Correlations between þa, þonne and siþþan and participant continuity (N=4116).
|
same subject in
two or more clauses |
same subject in
three or more clauses |
þa |
Pearson Correlation |
.240** |
.104** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
þonne |
Pearson Correlation |
.004 |
.002 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.820 |
.915 |
siþþan |
Pearson Correlation |
-.016 |
-.005 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.303 |
.748 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table A8. þonne and participant continuity.
|
same subject in
two or more clauses |
same subject in
three or more clauses |
Total of all clauses |
N |
% (x) |
N |
% (x) |
N |
% |
þonne-clauses |
12 |
15.6 |
3 |
3.9 |
77 |
1.9 |
other clauses |
592 |
14.7 |
148 |
3.7 |
4039 |
98.1 |
total / % of all clauses |
604 |
14.7 |
151 |
3.7 |
4116 |
100 |
(x) proportion of type of clauses
Table A9. Siþþan and participant continuity.
|
same subject in
two or more clauses |
same subject in
three or more clauses |
Total |
N |
% (x) |
N |
% (x) |
N |
% |
siþþan-clauses |
7 |
10.3 |
2 |
2.9 |
68 |
1.7 |
other clauses |
597 |
14.7 |
149 |
3.7 |
4048 |
98.3 |
total / % of all clauses |
604 |
14.7 |
151 |
3.7 |
4116 |
100 |
(x) proportion of type of clauses
Table A10. Word order and þa in clauses with both subject and verb.
Word order |
|
Other clauses |
Þa clauses |
Total |
Subject before verb |
Count |
1890 |
169 |
2059 |
% within word order |
91.8% |
8.2% |
100.0% |
% within þa |
72.8% |
34.7% |
66.8% |
Verb before subject |
Count |
705 |
318 |
1023 |
% within word order |
68.9% |
31.1% |
100.0% |
% within þa |
27.2% |
65.3% |
33.2% |
Total |
Count |
2595 |
487 |
3082 |
% within word order |
84.2% |
15.8% |
100.0% |
% within þa |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
The differences are significant (Chi-Square (df=1) 268.85, p.<000).
Table A11. Correlations between þa, þonne and siþþan and word order (N=4116).
|
Clauses with |
Subject-verb order |
Verb-subject order |
Þa |
Pearson Correlation |
-.135** |
.317** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Þonne |
Pearson Correlation |
-.109** |
.186** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Siþþan |
Pearson Correlation |
-.008 |
-.022 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.622 |
.166 |
Table A12. Word order and þonne in clauses with both subject and verb.
Word order |
|
Other clauses |
Þonne clauses |
Total |
Subject before verb |
Count |
2051 |
8 |
2059 |
% within word order |
99.6% |
0.4% |
100.0% |
% within þonne |
68.1% |
11.1% |
66.8% |
Verb before subject |
Count |
959 |
64 |
1023 |
% within word order |
93.7% |
6.3% |
100.0% |
% within þonne |
31.9% |
88.9% |
33.2% |
Total |
Count |
3010 |
72 |
3082 |
% within word order |
97.7% |
2.3% |
100.0% |
% within þonne |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
The differences are significant (Chi-Square (df=1) 103.13, p.<000).
Table A13. Word order and siþþan in clauses with both subject and verb.
Word order |
|
Other clauses |
Þonne clauses |
Total |
Subject before verb |
Count |
2027 |
32 |
2059 |
% within word order |
98.4% |
1.6% |
100.0% |
% within siþþan |
66.7% |
72.7% |
66.8% |
Verb before subject |
Count |
1011 |
12 |
1023 |
% within word order |
98.8% |
1.4% |
100.0% |
% within siþþan |
33.3% |
27.3% |
33.2% |
Total |
Count |
3038 |
44 |
3082 |
% within word order |
98.6% |
1.4% |
100.0% |
% within siþþan |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
Table A14. Correlations between subject type and word order (N=4116).
Subject type |
Subject-verb order |
Verb-subject order |
Definite full noun phrase or proper name |
Pearson Correlation |
.199** |
.213** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Indefinite noun phrase, incl. indefinite pronouns |
Pearson Correlation |
-.034* |
.197** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.030 |
.000 |
Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Pearson Correlation |
.364** |
-.079** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
Other: impersonal and clausal subjects |
Pearson Correlation |
-.192** |
-.034* |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.029 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table A15. Verb types and þa, þonne and siþþan.
|
All clauses |
Þa |
Þonne |
Siþþan |
Verb type |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
0 |
15 |
.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Affecting |
93 |
2.3 |
16 |
3.1 |
2 |
2.6 |
3 |
4.4 |
Being |
507 |
12.3 |
27 |
5.2 |
19 |
24.7 |
4 |
5.9 |
Beginning |
10 |
.2 |
2 |
.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Changing |
223 |
5.4 |
22 |
4.2 |
5 |
6.5 |
1 |
1.5 |
Continuing |
27 |
.7 |
3 |
.6 |
1 |
1.3 |
1 |
1.5 |
Creating |
183 |
4.4 |
19 |
3.6 |
2 |
2.6 |
2 |
2.9 |
Destroying |
82 |
2.0 |
6 |
1.1 |
1 |
1.3 |
3 |
4.4 |
Dying |
108 |
2.6 |
2 |
.4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.5 |
Displaying |
37 |
.9 |
3 |
.6 |
2 |
2.6 |
0 |
0 |
Feeling |
76 |
1.8 |
9 |
1.7 |
1 |
1.3 |
3 |
4.4 |
Finishing |
58 |
1.4 |
10 |
1.9 |
2 |
2.6 |
2 |
2.9 |
Giving/taking |
289 |
7.0 |
32 |
6.1 |
3 |
3.9 |
7 |
10.3 |
Happening |
70 |
1.7 |
22 |
4.2 |
1 |
1.3 |
0 |
0 |
Having |
84 |
2.0 |
3 |
.6 |
2 |
2.6 |
2 |
2.9 |
Holding |
67 |
1.6 |
2 |
.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Killing |
130 |
3.2 |
5 |
1.0 |
1 |
1.3 |
1 |
1.5 |
Military |
359 |
8.8 |
44 |
8.4 |
1 |
1.3 |
8 |
11.8 |
Moving |
459 |
11.2 |
111 |
21.2 |
12 |
15.6 |
15 |
22.1 |
Saying |
627 |
15.2 |
93 |
17.8 |
9 |
11.7 |
2 |
2.9 |
Seeing/hearing |
65 |
1.6 |
18 |
3.4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.5 |
Staying |
121 |
2.9 |
12 |
2.3 |
3 |
3.9 |
7 |
10.3 |
Thinking |
160 |
3.9 |
26 |
5.0 |
5 |
6.5 |
0 |
0 |
Transporting |
266 |
6.5 |
36 |
6.9 |
5 |
6.5 |
5 |
7.4 |
Total |
4116 |
100.0 |
523 |
100.0 |
77 |
100.0 |
68 |
100.0 |
Table A16. Correlations between verb types and þa, þonne and siþþan in clauses with common verb types (occurring in more than 100 clauses) (N=4116).
Verb type |
|
Þa |
Þonne |
Siþþan |
Being |
Pearson Correlation |
-.083** |
.052** |
-.025 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.001 |
.104 |
Changing |
Pearson Correlation |
-.020 |
.007 |
-.023 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.198 |
.666 |
.149 |
Creating |
Pearson Correlation |
-.015 |
.012 |
.009 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.334 |
.427 |
.544 |
Dying |
Pearson Correlation |
-.054** |
-.023 |
-.009 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.001 |
.146 |
.549 |
Giving/ Taking |
Pearson Correlation |
-.012 |
-.017 |
.016 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.455 |
.270 |
.300 |
Killing |
Pearson Correlation |
-.048** |
-.015 |
-.013 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.002 |
.346 |
.422 |
Military |
Pearson Correlation |
-.004 |
-.036* |
.014 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.789 |
.020 |
.370 |
Moving |
Pearson Correlation |
.122** |
.019 |
.045** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.212 |
.004 |
Saying |
Pearson Correlation |
-.027 |
-.014 |
-.044** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.083 |
.382 |
.004 |
Staying |
Pearson Correlation |
-.015 |
.008 |
.056** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.650 |
.616 |
.000 |
Thinking |
Pearson Correlation |
.019 |
.019 |
-.026 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.217 |
.215 |
.098 |
Transporting |
Pearson Correlation |
.007 |
.000 |
.005 |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.675 |
.991 |
.763 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table A17. Correlations between þa, þonne and siþþan and the ten most frequent verbs (N=4116).
Verb |
N |
|
Þa |
Þonne |
Siþþan |
Beon ‘be’ |
500 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.082** |
.053** |
-.025 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.001 |
.111 |
Cweðan ‘say’ |
171 |
Pearson Correlation |
.044** |
-.003 |
-.018 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.005 |
.844 |
.241 |
Fon to ‘accede to the throne’ |
99 |
Pearson Correlation |
.083** |
.022 |
.020 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.164 |
.192 |
Cuman ‘come’ |
96 |
Pearson Correlation |
.067** |
.002 |
-.020 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.876 |
.199 |
Forþfaran ‘die’ |
90 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.052** |
-.021 |
.019 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.001 |
.185 |
.214 |
Ofslean ‘kill’ |
89 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.042** |
-.021 |
-.006 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.007 |
.188 |
.693 |
Faran ‘go’ |
77 |
Pearson Correlation |
.017 |
.007 |
.081** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.267 |
.635 |
.000 |
Habban ‘have’ |
62 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.029 |
-.017 |
.015 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.061 |
.273 |
.327 |
Gefeohtan ‘fight’ |
55 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.025 |
-.014 |
-.015 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.104 |
.303 |
.333 |
Healdan ‘hold’ |
52 |
Pearson Correlation |
-.037* |
-.016 |
-.015 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.019 |
.316 |
.347 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table A18. Number of participants and þonne.
|
Number of partipants |
Other clauses |
Þonne-clauses |
Total |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
0 |
50 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
50 |
1 |
2026 |
97.6 |
49 |
2.4 |
2075 |
2 or more |
1963 |
98.6 |
28 |
1.4 |
1991 |
total |
4039 |
98.1 |
77 |
1.9 |
4116 |
Chi square (df=2) 6.014, p<.049
Table A19. Number of participants and siþþan.
Number of partipants |
Other clauses |
siþþan-clauses |
total |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
0 |
49 |
98.0 |
1 |
2.0 |
50 |
1 |
2.39 |
98.3 |
36 |
1.7 |
2075 |
2 or more |
1960 |
98.4 |
31 |
1.6 |
1991 |
total |
4048 |
98.3 |
68 |
1.7 |
4116 |
Chi square N.S.
Table A20. Correlations between number of participants and þa, þonne and siþþan (N=4116).
|
Þa |
Þonne |
Siþþan |
Co-þa |
one participant |
Pearson Correlation |
-.030 |
.037* |
.007 |
-.124** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.053 |
.019 |
.674 |
.000 |
two or more participants |
Pearson Correlation |
.039* |
-.033* |
-.007 |
.131** |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.011 |
.033 |
.643 |
.000 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Co-þa = clauses coordinated to þa-clauses and sharing the same subject
|
